The different window types and styles are usually available in a large range of sizes. The most common types are:

- standard easement windows, which are the most widely used type today. They are available off the shelf in a wide range of shapes and sizes, from major limber window manufacturers and builders' merchants. Because of the versatility of the design, a variety of formats can be created using fixed and top-hung and side-hung opening windows. Some modern casements have projecting 'easy-clean' hinges, allowing both sides of the window to be cleaned from inside

- double-hung vertical sliding sash windows, which are very sophisticated in design combining a large area of glass with slim timber sections. An arrange¬ment of cords, weights and pulleys is used to counterbalance the weight of the sash and so make the windows easier to open and close. Double-hung sliding sash windows have, over the years, proved their reliability. The main causes of com¬plaint rattling and sticking were a result of the window's designer making an allowance for the thickness of the paint film. If paint is over-zealously applied the windows tend to stick. On the other hand, if the designer leaves a large-gap around the window for the paint film, the window may rattle. Modern exterior stain finishes overcome this problem they do not build up on the window and so modern sash windows can be built to much closer tolerances without sticking Or rattling. This type of window is still very popular today it provides excellent control over ventilation and can be double glazed. In a modern version the weights and pulleys are replaced by a pair of spiral sash balances. These balances remove the necessity for the jambs to be built up to form the pockets for the weights instead smaller solid jambs are used

- horizontal pivot-hung windows. This type of window is useful for situations when a large clear sash is wanted yet pro¬vision must be made for the cleaning of both sides of the window from the inside a roof window, say

- bottom-hung windows usually open into the room. The tilt-and-turn type available mainly in uPVC can also be opened from the side.

The most common variations are:

- bow windows, which are Georgian in style and are curved they bow out, hence their name. This type of window usually contains lots of small glass panels formed by using glazing bars to produce flat glaz¬ing areas instead of curved ones. The window may curve within the thickness of the wall or, as is more common, project out from the face of the house. Projecting windows have a small flat roof which is usually covered with lead

- bay windows, which vary a great deal in plan and elevation. The types most commonly found are semi-circular, segmental, splayed, and square on plan. The bay may provide a window for the ground floor only, or it may extend up to the top of the house. The shape of any roof above the bay varies from flat roofs to some form of pitched roof which is similar in style to the main roof

- leaded-light windows, where small panes of glass are fitted between square or diagonal lead carries. Scaled units, used in replacement windows, can be fitted with slick-on lead to simulate leaded lights.


Standard-size softwood windows suitable for single glazing can easily be bought, but most people these days would want to lit high-performance (i.e. well-insulated and well-draughtproofed) replacement windows. These are available in all materials and most types for both d-i-y and professional installation.

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